The United Nations Climate Conference in Cancun was held on12moon11dateThe curtain came down. The time-delayed negotiations culminated in the adoption of the resolution on combating climate change (the Cancun resolution), which was the first of its kind in all of the world's countries except Bolivia.193A consensus was reached by a group of four countries. The basic points of the resolution are: emission reductions in all countries; funding for countries that prevent deforestation and protect nature; and funding for developing countries to adapt to climate change from now on.300billion dollars in funding, which could later increase to1000The resolution was a compromise between the developed and developing countries. The resolution was the product of a compromise between developed and developing countries: on the one hand, developed countries would provide financial and technical support to developing countries to combat climate change; on the other hand, developing countries, in particular China and India, had committed themselves to making the process of achieving emission reduction targets transparent.

What did Cancún contribute to the world?

　　The important outcome of the Cancún Conference is reflected in the adoption of the Declaration of Commitment on the Preservation of "The Cancún Conference had also adopted a dual-track negotiating mechanism and the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities", and financial assistance had been implemented to promote the joint efforts of mankind to combat climate change. The Cancún Conference reflected the need for developing countries to persevere in development and took a step forward in addressing the sources of funding for financial assistance provided by developed countries to developing countries, small island States and least developed countries by establishing the Green Climate Fund and implementing the "Green Climate Fund", which is the first of its kind in the developed world.300billion in fast-start climate finance to meet the short-term needs of developing countries, and in the2020Raised prior to year1000The United States has provided $100 million in funding to help poor countries develop low-carbon economies, protect rainforests, share new clean energy technologies and more.

　　According to the statistics of relevant research organizations, the current developed countries' fast-start finance commitment for climate change has accumulated292.7US$ 100 million. In addition, countries have taken action (e.g., through budgetary and appropriation processes) to ensure that their commitments are realistic. The United States Government has asked Congress to2011yearly provision19US$ billion, EU statement2010annual launch22The European Investment Bank has also provided China with a €100 million climate fund, among other things.5billion eurosdaiThe Government of Mexico, as Chair of the Conference, has repeatedly declared that it will choose Mexico for its alternative energy investment program to support China's fight against climate change. The Mexican government, which holds the presidency of the conference, has repeatedly declared that it will choose to300The $100 million fast-start fund is a breakthrough, and we will try to realize the source of the fund, the mode of financing, and the distribution of beneficiary countries in the General Assembly.

　　Developing countries were currently entering a phase of large-scale industrialization and urbanization, and increased energy consumption was an objective necessity for economic and social development. The transfer of technology to developing countries to address climate change should be a matter of political will on the part of the developed countries, not a quid pro quo or a profit-making tool. Developed countries should, in particular, break down the barriers to technology transfer and the green economy, and implement the commitments of the Copenhagen Accord in the Cancún climate negotiations, so as to make financial and technological assistance and transfer more fluid. According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the extent to which developing country parties can effectively implement their commitments under the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by developed country parties of their commitments under the Convention related to financial resources and technology transfer. Therefore, the fulfilment of climate change assistance commitments by developed countries is crucial to the global response to climate change, and the Chinese Government has always emphasized the importance of "mitigation, adaptation, technology and finance" in climate change.4It emphasizes the critical importance of "technical and financial assistance" in helping developing countries to address climate change.

The UN study released during the Cancun conference emphasized the importance of limiting global warming to2Within ℃, avoiding a human climate catastrophe would require cuts of nearly60%emissions. The prerequisite for realizing the protection of the Earth's climate system is that developed countries honour their commitments to financial assistance and take the lead in reducing emissions. Owing to the different national conditions and interests of countries, the complexity of the conflicts between climate change and economic development and the fact that a small number of developed countries are deliberately hindering or even opposing the implementation of climate change. For reasons such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, global climate change negotiations will be a gradual, long-term process, and it is only by following the principles of openness, transparency, broad participation and consensus, and by giving full play to the joint role of developed and developing countries, that the international community can join hands to build a low-carbon future for humankind.

The Cancún resolution is not an "antidote"

　　There is no doubt that the Cancún resolution marks an important step forward in the international community's joint response to climate change and is of undeniable historical significance, and it also demonstrates that the United Nations multilateral negotiating mechanism continues to play a dominant role in advancing climate governance, and it is a platform that can be utilized in a positive manner. However, judging from the specific content of the text, the Cancun resolution cannot save climate change. There is only one way to measure the success of a climate agreement, and that is based on whether it can effectively reduce emissions and prevent runaway climate change. In this regard, the text is clearly unsuccessful, as not only is there no provision in the text of the resolution to2050The global emissions reduction target for 2010 does not specify a "peak" year for emissions, nor does it set a specific target for emissions reductions by developed countries. Under this scenario, global temperatures could rise by as much as 20 per cent.4This level would be catastrophic for humankind. At the same time, with regard to the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, which is the only binding instrument in existence, the text of the Cancún resolution is very ambiguous, stating only that it is necessary to ensure that there is "no gap" between the first and the second commitment periods of the Protocol, without specifying a specific time frame.

　　 In conclusion, the Cancún Conference demonstrated that United Nations multilateral diplomacy remains an effective mechanism for the international community to address climate change. However, the Cancún resolution leaves some substantive issues and complex dilemmas to be resolved at the next Climate Change Conference. Since the serious differences between developed and developing countries are difficult to eliminate in the short term, I am afraid that the prospects for the international community's attempts to achieve a breakthrough at next year's Climate Change Conference in South Africa are not optimistic.

China more relaxed in Cancun

　　 China is one of the main protagonists of the Cancun conference, and its policies and positions have attracted much attention. In sharp contrast to the negative performance of the Western powers, the performance of the Chinese delegation can be described as remarkable: with a more positive and open attitude, to a large extent, reversing the previous passive position in the global climate negotiations.

　　 As a large emerging country with rapid economic development and huge carbon emissions, China is under tremendous pressure to commit to quantitative emission reductions as soon as possible. If China were to commit to absolute quantitative emission reduction obligations prematurely, it would inevitably have a greater impact on its economic development. Therefore, China emphasizes the fulfillment of its own emission reduction obligations and resolutely refrains from making emission reduction commitments that are beyond its capacity. In order to bridge the gap, Xie Zhenhua, head of the Chinese delegation, put forward the principle of "respecting sovereignty, learning from each other, and drawing on each other's experience" to address the issue of transparency in emission reduction, showing unprecedented flexibility.

　　 Emphasizing openness and communication was an important initiative of the Chinese delegation at the Cancún Conference. The Chinese delegation has paid special attention to communication with Governments, non-governmental organizations and the media in this meeting, with a view to increasing transparency and eliminating misunderstandings. As a matter of fact, in recent years, China has persisted in promoting its own energy conservation and emission reduction actions, and has made visible achievements in the areas of energy efficiency, development of renewable energy, clean energy technology and low-carbon transportation. Over the past year, China has done a great deal of preparatory work to facilitate the successful convening of the Cancun Conference, and the effectiveness of its emission reduction has been recognized by the international community, while its transparent and open stance has won the understanding and recognition of an increasing number of countries, UN agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Figueres, Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), believes that "China's use of legislation to establish emission reduction targets is conducive to its own long-term economic development, and also sets an example for other countries. If other countries adopt China's attitude, global negotiations on climate change will become very simple." Wendy Fei, Director of the China Program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, noted, "In recent years, China's great strides in improving energy efficiency, developing renewable energy, clean energy technologies, low-carbon transportation, and other areas, as well as its phenomenal pace of development, have surpassed that of the United States and any other country."

　　 The Chinese delegation's participation in the Cancún Conference is based on its insistence on safeguarding the interests of developing countries. In the United Nations climate negotiations, China has always taken the view that "the interests of developing countries should be safeguarded".77country group+China will participate in the negotiations on the basis of the "common but differentiated principles" and the dual-track negotiation mechanism of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. At the beginning of the conference, Japan and other big countries claimed that they would not set any emission reduction target in the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, and that they intended to set up a new mechanism for emission reduction. In response, China expressed clear opposition, emphasizing the necessity of extending the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol and arguing that developed countries must take the lead in quantifying emission reduction targets and providing financial and technical support to developing countries. In order to prevent developing countries from being polarized, the "BASIC" countries of China, India, Brazil and South Africa, after consultations, agreed to establish a new emission reduction mechanism at a meeting of the BASIC countries at the end of the first session of the Kyoto Protocol.12moon6The three common principled positions were jointly announced on March 28th. This not only strengthens the role of the BASIC in the77It also reaffirms the central position of the Group of 77 and China in the Group of 77 and China, and reiterates the priority concerns of developing countries, such as fast-start financing and technical support, which are conducive to strengthening the solidarity of developing countries.

　　 China's performance at the Cancún Conference can be described as a balanced one, promoting the climate negotiation process through pragmatic and flexible actions, and demonstrating the image of a responsible big country. With an eye on the future direction of global climate negotiations, how to strike a balance between fulfilling its emission reduction obligations and preserving the space for economic development is a challenge that China will need to address in the near future.